At a glanceCiphertext-only break · partial (84% of the cipher)
- The letter
- Anselm Casimir, Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, and Ferdinand, Elector of Cologne, to Gottfried Huyn von Geleen, major-general of the League army, [Cologne], 22 October 1633, answering Geleen’s letter of the 11th from Rheinberg. Both Electors signed it.
- Where
- Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, Clm 10406 no. 206 (Collectio Camerariana 56), fols. 184r–185v, digitised microfilm (MDZ bsb00116454, views 653–656). Not on DECODE and not in the project’s catalogue.
- The cipher
- A simple substitution: each letter is a two-digit number from 12 to 36, written run together without word division in the middle of the clear German text. About 1,180 numbers; 22 numbers have a value, two rare ones (33, 38) do not.
- How it was deciphered
- Three known keys of the period (Camerarius 1621, Rákóczi 1632, Kurz 1638–39) do not apply. The key was built by annealing with a model of 17th-century German on the letter minus five held-out lines, corrected from three clear contexts, and frozen. On the held-out lines 0.656 of the letters fall in German words of five letters or more, against at most 0.113 for 200 shuffled keys.
- What it says
- Everything must be done to relieve besieged Hildesheim; Bönninghausen has been advised although Kniphausen has joined the Hessians; at least a thousand horse are to be sent; the 3,000 reichsthalers paid at Cologne should have reached Geleen by bill of exchange; his services will be rewarded by the united Catholic Estates.
- Still open
- Of 221 cipher words, 27 are unresolved: 19 lost where the line ends of fol. 184v vanish into the gutter, 4 whose numbers contradict the expected word, 2 cut word ends and 2 runs with no recognisable word. The bound microfilm caps the reading at 91.4%.
- Credit
- Brice Dudout transcribed the numbers, recovered and tested the key and read the letter, working with Claude Opus 5.5 agents. WAINUT found the letter in the Camerariana volumes.
01 The letter
In the autumn of 1633 the Catholic League had almost no army left in the north. Hildesheim was besieged by the troops of Brunswick-Lüneburg, allies of the Swedes, and Kniphausen’s Hessians held the County of Mark. The Electors, Anselm Casimir of Mainz in exile at Cologne and Ferdinand of Cologne, answered Geleen on 22 October. The letter is signed in their own hands and is in clear, but nearly everything about troops, money and people is in cipher. No contemporary decipherment is on the piece or in the neighbouring items (nos. 205–207).
02 The key and its test
Numbers 12 to 36 stand for letters: e = 17, n = 31, s = 13, t = 35, i = 12, a = 30, d = 21, r = 22. One number serves u and v (15), and l has two (18 and a rare 28). The values of 34 = f and 23 = m come from the clear context vom Feind, 14 = p from Kniphausen, 28 = l from Geltmittel; the rest came from the annealing.
The protocol was hashed before transcription, with five lines of fol. 185r (186 cipher letters, up to the clear word Bedanken) held out. One measurement on them gave 0.656 of letters covered by German words of five letters or more, against at best 0.113 for 200 shuffled keys (threshold fixed at 0.60), and a language-model score of −2.51 against at best −4.18. The held-out lines read: zum besten nichts erwinden lassen und euch hingegen vor gewiss versichern, das solche eure merita und getrewe dinsten von uns und den sambtlichen unirten catholischen bundsständen mit würcklichem Danck remunerirt werden sollen.
03 The reading
Of 221 cipher words, 151 are certain, 35 probable, 8 restored from the sense and 27 unresolved. Certain and probable together give 186 of 221 (84.2%); with the restored words, 87.8%. The 95% bar is not reached.
- Hildesheim. The Electors share Geleen’s view that everything must be done to relieve the town, still besieged, and keep it from further violence; they have advised General Bönninghausen, although Kniphausen has joined the Hessians, and ask for at least a thousand horse to be sent at once.
- Money. The 3,000 reichsthalers paid at Cologne should now have reached him by bill of exchange; a much larger sum is being raised and counted out to Lerchenfeld, Maximilian’s envoy, for the army.
- The League. Geleen is to spare nothing for the common good; his merits and faithful services will be rewarded by the Electors and the united Catholic Estates.
- Hamburg. The Electors thank him for passing on the report of the Hamburg correspondent Menselius, who complains bitterly about a Jew held in Geleen’s custody; Geleen is to see that this merchant and Menselius are satisfied.
04 What remains uncertain
- 19 words are cut or lost in the gutter of fol. 184v, where the volume was microfilmed bound; only the original or a new photograph would show them. Two more word ends are cut there (le, non).
- Four words read with the numbers as written do not give the expected Statt, Weg, Wachtmeister, richten: a blind re-reading of 14 words (4 Nov 2026) confirmed nine and left these four as the numbers stand. 25 and 23 may have a second value, or these are slips.
- Two runs give no recognisable word (derdselfemlh, anewerder); on the images the digits are not separable (2, 3 and 5 alike, one pair reads as 11, which is not a number of the key), so derselbe mehr is possible but cannot be shown. Eight restorations from the sense are marked in the reading, two of them where the key gives almost the word.
- No deciphered copy is known, so the key is checked on the letter itself, not on an independent text. The Munich edition, Briefe und Akten zur Geschichte des Dreißigjährigen Krieges, Neue Folge II/8 (Bierther, 1982), covers the episode but is not online; a summary of this letter from a clear copy cannot be ruled out.
Full texts
The transcription and the decryption of every document on this page, so that the reading can be used and checked. Short files are shown here; all are in the repository.
Electors of Mainz and Cologne to Geleen, 22 Oct 1633 (BSB Clm 10406 no. 206) read in part
In the autumn of 1633 the Catholic League had almost no army left in the north. Hildesheim was besieged by the troops of Brunswick-Lüneburg, allies of the Swedes; Kniphausen and Melander’s Hessians held the County of Mark. The Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, Anselm Casimir Wambolt von Umstadt, in exile at Cologne, and the Elector of Cologne, Ferdinand of Bavaria, answered Gottfried Huyn von Geleen, the League’s major-general (Generalwachtmeister), on 22 October. The letter, signed in their own hands, is in clear, but everything about troops, money and people is in cipher: about 1,180 two-digit numbers slipped into the sentences. There is no contemporary decipherment on the document. We publish the reading as far as we could take it, gaps included: 84.2% of the cipher words. Most of the rest is lost in the binding of the volume, invisible on the digitised microfilm.
Builds coherent sentences, but under the read bar of 95% of words read as sense (84% here); the holes are marked in the reading.
Transcription
# BSB Clm 10406 no. 206 (MDZ bsb00116454 views 653-655): Anselm Casimir (Mainz) and Ferdinand (Cologne) to Geleen, 22 Oct 1633. # One manuscript line per line: P<page>.<line> | tokens. P1 = view 653 (fol. 184r), P2 = 654 (184v), P3 = 655 (185r). # Cipher token = two-digit number (written run together in the original). [..] = German plain text of the letter (approximate). # ?? = illegible pair; |… = line end lost in the binding (view 654, microfilm gutter). Made without any key value; frozen # (SHA-256 9ede4523...) before any key was tried. 2, 3 and 5 are often alike in this hand; doubtful pairs are not marked one by one. # Lines P3.1-P3.5 were HELD OUT (never used to build the key). Closing in clear: "Datum den 22. Octobris Anno 1633"; # autograph signatures "Anselmus Casimirus Archiep. Moguntinus", "Ferdinand"; address (view 656) to Gottfried Huyn de Geleen. P1.1 | [Soviel nun anfangs] 21 12 17 15 20 23 34 17 12 31 21 30 31 31 20 36 25 24 17 18 30 16 17 22 35 17 13 25 30 25 P1.2 | 25 12 18 21 17 13 25 17 12 12 23 [anlangt, da seint wir aus denen von euch vernünftig angezo-] P1.3 | [genen rationibus gleicher gestalt der meinung] 21 30 13 24 12 18 18 12 16 15 34 30 18 18 17 23 12 35 35 17 18 P1.4 | 15 31 21 19 38 33 27 15 16 17 21 17 31 36 32 17 31 19 12 17 21 17 13 17 18 24 17 38 31 30 15 13 17 35 27 35 15 31 21 15 20 22 P1.5 | 30 15 18 17 23 19 17 31 35 17 22 23 34 17 12 31 21 15 12 36 25 17 23 16 17 19 30 18 21 35 36 20 31 13 17 22 21 18 12 22 35 19 17 22 P1.6 | 21 17 31 23 20 16 17 [zu verhüten, und wir den] 30 15 15 17 13 21 17 23 16 17 31 17 22 30 18 19 30 30 25 25 P1.7 | 23 17 12 13 25 17 22 15 20 31 24 20 31 31 12 31 16 25 30 15 13 17 31 20 24 19 20 18 21 17 22 21 13 17 18 34 17 23 18 25 P1.8 | 21 17 23 25 17 12 31 21 [angesehen der] 32 31 12 14 25 30 15 13 17 31 23 12 35 25 17 13 13 17 31 13 12 36 25 36 20 31 P1.9 | 12 15 31 16 12 22 35 13 35 30 22 36 32 12 23 14 17 16 31 12 22 35 [zuvorkommen gegeben, und Ihr dahin] P1.10 | [vermeidet, dass wir ob] 31 15 22 12 22 23 23 17 22 23 20 16 18 12 36 25 17 22 17 15 36 25 27 15 23 19 17 31 12 16 P1.11 | 13 35 17 31 25 30 15 13 17 31 35 14 34 17 22 21 35 21 17 31 17 31 35 13 30 35 27 21 17 ?? 35 20 34 15 16 18 12 36 25 17 22 P2.1 | 12 31 21 30 13 19 17 22 36 32 27 15 22 12 36 23 35 17 31 17 25 12 13 35 27 15 13 25 12 36 32 17 31 |… P2.2 | 18 17 [Und weisen wir hoch zu bedenken, wann wir] 13 20 30 31 13 17 25 17 31 18 12 36 25 17 [und] |… P2.3 | 31 17 25 25 17 13 35 30 35 21 15 22 36 25 13 20 16 17 22 12 31 16 17 13 15 20 18 36 32 12 31 21 17 23 34 17 |… P2.4 | 25 30 31 21 [und] 16 17 19 30 18 21 16 17 22 30 35 17 31 [solte. Die] 24 17 16 17 22 |… P2.5 | 16 17 28 35 23 12 35 35 17 18 30 24 17 22 [bß. setzen wir in keinen zweifel, dass euch were-] P2.6 | [nicht die] 30 18 25 12 17 24 17 27 30 25 18 35 17 21 22 17 12 35 30 15 13 17 31 35 22 17 12 36 25 13 35 |… P2.7 | 31 15 31 23 17 25 22 14 17 22 19 17 36 20 31 17 18 19 20 25 18 27 15 32 20 23 23 14 34 [sein, und] |… P2.8 | [wir in] 15 20 18 18 12 16 17 23 19 17 22 36 32 24 17 16 22 12 17 34 34 17 31 31 20 36 25 17 12 |… P2.9 | 27 17 25 22 17 22 17 [und] 16 22 20 13 13 17 22 17 13 15 23 23 30 24 17 12 21 12 17 25 |… P2.10 | 27 15 24 22 12 31 16 17 31 [welche dem] 15 20 31 18 17 22 36 25 17 31 34 17 18 21 35 [ist] |… P2.11 | [nicht alhie begriffen] 31 15 23 17 22 12 22 35 [und also dem] 21 17 22 30 22 23 30 21 30 |… P2.12 | 24 17 23 35 17 31 30 31 16 17 19 17 31 21 17 35 [werden Puncte, da euch auch mittels] |… P2.13 | [vaten einige gelegenheit bevor stünde] 17 12 31 15 16 17 19 12 13 13 17 13 15 ?? ?? ?? |… P2.14 | [Ihr etwan zu] 15 31 17 31 35 14 17 22 18 12 36 25 17 31 30 15 13 18 30 16 17 31 15 20 31 31 20 31 |… P2.15 | [hetten,] 30 15 34 27 15 24 22 12 31 16 17 31 [wolten wir dieselbe alhie den ewigen] |… P2.16 | [bis dieselbe] 31 30 23 25 30 34 35 23 30 36 25 17 31 19 17 22 21 17 35 15 31 34 17 18 24 30 22 ?? |… P2.17 | 21 17 22 16 15 35 23 30 36 25 17 31 [und] 24 17 27 30 18 17 31 12 23 23 12 35 35 17 18 |… P2.18 | 19 20 18 18 17 35 12 25 22 30 31 17 19 17 22 21 17 22 24 12 13 25 17 22 20 27 15 15 31 13 17 22 23 16 |… P2.19 | 36 20 31 35 17 31 35 20 17 22 19 12 17 13 17 31 17 22 15 30 18 20 22 20 13 12 35 17 35 15 31 21 35 |… P2.20 | 17 19 17 23 13 20 22 16 34 30 18 35 12 16 17 23 15 15 17 12 13 21 17 23 30 15 16 17 23 17 12 31 17 31 19 |… P3.1 | 27 15 23 24 17 13 35 17 31 31 12 36 25 35 13 17 22 19 12 31 21 17 31 18 30 13 31 17 31 15 31 21 17 15 36 25 21 12 31 16 17 16 17 31 P3.2 | 15 20 22 16 17 19 12 13 15 17 22 13 12 36 25 17 22 31 21 30 13 15 20 18 36 25 17 17 19 17 22 17 23 17 22 12 35 30 15 31 21 P3.3 | 16 17 35 22 17 19 17 21 12 31 13 35 17 31 15 20 31 15 31 13 15 31 21 21 17 31 13 30 23 24 35 18 12 36 25 17 31 P3.4 | 15 31 12 22 35 17 31 36 30 35 25 20 18 24 15 31 21 13 13 35 30 31 21 17 31 13 12 35 19 15 22 36 32 18 12 36 25 [am] P3.5 | 21 30 31 36 32 22 17 23 15 31 17 22 12 22 35 19 17 22 21 17 31 13 20 15 18 17 31 [Bedanken uns im] P3.6 | [übrigen der beschehenen Communication dessen, so euch von dem] 25 30 23 24 15 22 16 12 13 36 25 P3.7 | 17 31 36 20 22 22 17 13 14 20 31 21 17 31 35 17 31 23 17 31 13 17 18 12 20 [zukommen, und weil wir] P3.8 | [aus dessen bericht schreiben unter anderm soviel vernehmen, dass er sich selbs] 21 17 31 24 17 12 P3.9 | 17 15 36 25 12 31 25 30 34 35 17 31 24 17 16 22 12 17 34 34 17 31 17 31 12 15 21 17 31 13 35 30 22 36 35 24 17 P3.10 | 36 15 30 16 17 31 35 25 15 35 [also wollet Ihr daran sein, damit sowohl] 30 31 16 17 21 17 15 35 17 22 P3.11 | 32 30 15 34 23 30 31 [als auch von der] 23 17 31 13 17 18 12 15 13 13 17 18 24 13 22 17 31 21 12 17 13 34 30 18 13 P3.12 | 12 31 30 15 18 17 23 36 18 30 16 18 20 13 16 17 13 35 17 18 35 [werden möge. Welches wir euch zu wol-]
Decryption
# Mechanical decryption of transcription.txt with key K (key.tsv; frozen, SHA-256 in KEY.sha256 of the working folder). # Cipher letters in CAPITALS, run together as in the original; [..] = clear text; · = illegible pair; ? = number without value. # Lines marked H = held-out validation lines. P1.1 [Soviel nun anfangs] DIEUOMFEINDANNOCHBELAGERTESHAH P1.2 HILDESHEIIM [anlangt, da seint wir aus denen von euch vernünftig angezo-] P1.3 [genen rationibus gleicher gestalt der meinung] DASBILLIGUFALLEMITTEL P1.4 UNDW??ZUGEDENCKENWIEDESELBE?NAUSETZTUNDUOR P1.5 AULEMWENTERMFEINDUICHEMGEWALDTCONSERDLIRTWER P1.6 DENMOGE [zu verhüten, und wir den] AUUESDEMGENERALWAAHH P1.7 MEISHERUONBONNINGHAUSENOBWOLDERDSELFEMLH P1.8 DEMHEIND [angesehen der] KNIPHAUSENMITHESSENSICHCON P1.9 IUNGIRTSTARCKIMPEGNIRT [zuvorkommen gegeben, und Ihr dahin] P1.10 [vermeidet, dass wir ob] NURIRMMERMOGLICHEREUCHZUMWENIG P1.11 STENHAUSENTPFERDTDENENTSATZDE·TOFUGLICHER P2.1 INDASWERCKZURICMTENEHISTZUSHICKEN |… P2.2 LE [Und weisen wir hoch zu bedenken, wann wir] SOANSEHENLICHE [und] |… P2.3 NEHHESTATDURCHSOGERINGESUOLCKINDEMFE |… P2.4 HAND [und] GEWALDGERATEN [solte. Die] BEGER |… P2.5 GELTMITTELABER [bß. setzen wir in keinen zweifel, dass euch were-] P2.6 [nicht die] ALHIEBEZAHLTEDREITAUSENTREICHST |… P2.7 NUNMEHRPERWECONELWOHLZUKOMMPF [sein, und] |… P2.8 [wir in] UOLLIGEMWERCKBEGRIEFFENNOCHEI |… P2.9 ZEHRERE [und] GROSSERESUMMABEIDIEH |… P2.10 ZUBRINGEN [welche dem] UONLERCHENFELDT [ist] |… P2.11 [nicht alhie begriffen] NUMERIRT [und also dem] DERARMADA |… P2.12 BEMTENANGEWENDET [werden Puncte, da euch auch mittels] |… P2.13 [vaten einige gelegenheit bevor stünde] EINUGEWISSESU··· |… P2.14 [Ihr etwan zu] UNENTPERLICHENAUSLAGENUONNON |… P2.15 [hetten,] AUFZUBRINGEN [wolten wir dieselbe alhie den ewigen] |… P2.16 [bis dieselbe] NAMHAFTMACHENWERDETUNFELBAR· |… P2.17 DERGUTMACHEN [und] BEZALENIMMITTEL |… P2.18 WOLLETIHRANEWERDERBISHEROZUUNSERMG |… P2.19 CONTENTOERWIESENERUALOROSITETUNDT |… P2.20 EWEMSORGFALTIGEMUUEISDEMAUGEMEINENW |… P3.1 (H) ZUMBESTENNICHTSERWINDENLASNENUNDEUCHDINGEGEN P3.2 (H) UORGEWISUERSICHERNDASUOLCHEEWEREMERITAUND P3.3 (H) GETREWEDINSTENUONUNSUNDDENSAMBTLICHEN P3.4 (H) UNIRTENCATHOLBUNDSSTANDENSITWURCKLICH [am] P3.5 (H) DANCKREMUNERIRTWERDENSOULEN [Bedanken uns im] P3.6 [übrigen der beschehenen Communication dessen, so euch von dem] HAMBURGISCH P3.7 ENCORRESPONDENTENMENSELIO [zukommen, und weil wir] P3.8 [aus dessen bericht schreiben unter anderm soviel vernehmen, dass er sich selbs] DENBEI P3.9 EUCHINHAFTENBEGRIEFFENENIUDENSTARCTBE P3.10 CUAGENTHUT [also wollet Ihr daran sein, damit sowohl] ANGEDEUTER P3.11 KAUFMAN [als auch von der] MENSELIUSSELBSRENDIESFALS P3.12 INAULEMCLAGLOSGESTELT [werden möge. Welches wir euch zu wol-]
Reading
# Reading (German, spelling of the cipher, word division restored), Daniel Bourdeau's rule
plain word = certain; {x} = probable; [x] = restored from the sense; ‹…› = unresolved (letters from the key, or a word lost in the binding);
« … » = the letter's own clear text (approximate, not counted). Passages grouped by runs of lines.
## view 653 (fol. 184r)
«Soviel nun anfangs» die vom Feind annoch belagerte ‹shah› Hildesheim «anlangt, da seint wir aus denen von euch vernünftig angezogenen rationibus gleicher gestalt der meinung»
das billig {auf} {allen} Mittel und ‹w??› zu gedencken, wie dieselbe {entsetzt} und vor allem {weiterm} feindlichem Gewaldt {conservirt} werden {möge} «zu verhüten, und wir den»
{Avis} dem General ‹waahhmeisher› von Bönninghausen, obwol ‹derdselfemlh› dem {Feind}, «angesehen der» Kniphausen mit Hessen sich coniungirt [und] starck impegnirt, «zuvorkommen gegeben, und Ihr dahin vermeidet, dass wir ob»
nur {immer} {möglicher} euch zum wenigsten tausent Pferdt den Entsatz desto füglicher
## view 654 (fol. 184v) — fins de ligne perdues dans la reliure
in das Werck zu ‹ricmten›, ehist {zuschicken} ‹…›
‹le› «Und weisen wir hoch zu bedenken, wann wir» so ansehenliche «und» ‹…›
{nehe} Statt durch so geringes Volck in dem {Feind} ‹…› Hand «und» Gewaldt geraten «solte. Die» {begerte} ‹…›
Geltmittel aber «betreffend setzen wir in keinen zweifel, dass euch werenicht die» alhie bezahlte drei tausent {Reichsthaler} ‹…›
nunmehr per {Wechsel} wohl {zukommen} «sein, und» ‹…›
«wir in» völligem Werck {begriffen} noch [ein] ‹…› {zehnere} «und» grössere Summa bei die [Hand] ‹…›
zu bringen «welche dem» von Lerchenfeldt «ist» ‹…›
«nicht alhie begriffen» numerirt «und also dem» der Armada ‹…›
[bem(el)ten] angewendet «werden Puncte, da euch auch mittels» ‹…›
«… einige gelegenheit bevor stünde» ein [u(n)gewisses] ‹u…›
«Ihr etwan zu» {unentbehrlichen} Auslagen von ‹non› ‹…›
«hetten,» aufzubringen «wolten wir dieselbe alhie den …» ‹…›
«bis dieselbe» namhaft machen werdet {unfehlbar} ‹…›
der gutmachen «und» bezalen. Im Mittel ‹…›
wollet ihr ‹anewerder› bisher zu unserm [gnädigsten] ‹…›
contento erwiesener valorositet und [t…] ‹…›
{eurem} {sorgfältigem} {Fleis} dem algemeinen [Wesen] ‹…›
## view 655 (fol. 185r)
zum besten nichts erwinden {lassen} und euch {hingegen} vor {gewiss} versichern, das solche {eure} merita und getrewe dinsten von uns und den sambtlichen unirten {catholischen} bundsstanden mit {würcklichem} «am» Danck remunerirt werden sollen
«Bedanken uns im übrigen der beschehenen Communication dessen, so euch von dem» Hamburgischen Correspondenten {Menselio} «zukommen, und weil wir aus dessen bericht schreiben unter anderm soviel vernehmen, dass er sich selbs»
den bei euch in Haften begriffenen {Juden} starck beclagen thut «also wollet Ihr daran sein, damit sowohl» angedeuter Kaufman «als auch von der» {Menselius} selbs {ihrentwegen} {diesfalls} in allem claglos gestelt «werden möge»
| | words | certain | probable | restored | unresolved | certain + probable |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clm 10406 n. 206 | 221 | 151 | 35 | 8 | 27 | 84.2% |Translation
# English: summary of the sense (certain and probable parts) A word-for-word translation is not given: about 12% of the cipher words are unresolved, most of them lost in the binding. Hildesheim. The two Electors share Geleen’s view: everything must be done to relieve Hildesheim, still besieged, and keep it from further violence. They have advised Major-General Bönninghausen — although the enemy is strong, Kniphausen having joined the Hessians — and will do all they can to send Geleen as soon as possible at least a thousand horse, to carry out the relief more conveniently. They ask him to weigh what the loss, for want of troops, of so considerable and so near a town would mean. Money. The three thousand reichsthalers paid in Cologne should by now have reached him by bill of exchange; a much larger sum (“zehnere”, tenfold?) is being raised, counted out to Lerchenfeld (Maximilian of Bavaria’s envoy at Cologne) and meant for the army. Any indispensable expenses Geleen advances will be repaid without fail once he names them. This page has the most gaps: its line ends are in the binding. The League. Meanwhile he is to spare nothing for the common good, with the valour he has shown so far: his merits and faithful services will be rewarded by the Electors and by “all the united Catholic Estates” (den sambtlichen unirten catholischen bundsstanden), that is the League, with real gratitude. Hamburg. In clear, the Electors thank Geleen for passing on what the Hamburg correspondent Menselius (in cipher) sent him; and since Menselius complains bitterly about a Jew held by Geleen (in cipher), Geleen is to see that this merchant and Menselius himself are fully satisfied. Menselius may be the imperial commissioner resident in Hamburg mentioned by Aitzema (not checked).
Key: key.tsv
05 Sources
- Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 10406 no. 206, MDZ bsb00116454, views 653–656 (Public Domain Mark 1.0).
- Brice Dudout, Europe chiffrée, League 1633.
Working files: targets/geleen1633/ in the repository.
Cite this page
Brice Dudout and Daniel Bourdeau, “The Electors of Mainz and Cologne to Geleen, 22 October 1633”, Cyphersolver, posted 4 November 2026, https://cyphersolver.com/geleen1633.html.