At a glanceExisting decipherment · complete
- The letters
- Five records of letters, four to Beatrice’s sister Eleonora and one to her nephew Ippolito, 1482–1505 (catalogue item 160).
- Where
- Eighteen photographs; the last shelfmark is b. 2/7, 11. DECODE R1154 is not encrypted and is dated 29 May 1505.
- How it was read
- Not re-solved: the printed correspondence settles it. The letters of 31 May and 8 June 1482 are nos. 10 and 12 in Magyar Diplomácziai Emlékek III (1877), the 8 March 1486 passage is in the 1878 supplement, and 2 May 1486 is III no. 75, with decipherment slips beside the cipher.
- What it says
- Matthias offers an intervention against Venice with ten thousand Swiss and six thousand cavalry, provided the league sends money to Milan.
- Still open
- The printed March decipherment keeps some unexplained editorial markers, left in.
01 The two letters
| Record | Date and origin | Earlier source | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| R1140 | 31 May 1482, Pozsony | MDE III, no. 10, pp. 13–14 | Printed cipher reading |
| R1141 | 8 June 1482, Pozsony | MDE III, no. 12, pp. 16–17 | Printed cipher reading |
Both are to Beatrice’s sister Eleonora d’Aragona, Duchess of Ferrara. DECODE gives R1141’s holder as “Cancelleria, 1523”, its record name says 1623.
02 31 May 1482: troops against Venice
The edition gives the plaintext of the cipher: Matthias offers an intervention against Venice, provided the league sends money to Milan. The proposed force comprises ten thousand Swiss and six thousand cavalry; five hundred more cavalry, including a hundred hussars, also need a safe route. He does not intend to declare himself openly against Venice before his relationship with the league is settled.
uno expediente optimo et necessario per lo favore et salute de tuta la lega
Dece milia Svizari et sei milia cavalli del Signor Re di Hungaria.
These are excerpts of the 1877 decipherment. The manuscript’s cleartext and cipher boundaries match the edition’s roman and italic sections. The editorial note states that the italic words were written in secret signs.

03 8 June 1482: money and effective cooperation
Beatrice relays Matthias’s criticism of the league’s reluctance to spend. The king repeats the troop offer, requires payment at Milan, and asks for decisive cooperation. The published text has the proverb:
ali avari che per sparagnare uno grosso perdeno lo ducato
Misers save a grosso and lose a ducat. Near the end the decipherment describes endless negotiations as “uno Jocare de balla cum retornare sempre ali principij”—playing ball and always returning to the starting point. The printed page has balla; the OCR text gave holla. The edition and manuscript both date the letter 8 June, despite a secondary citation giving July.
04 What was verified
The evidence is the agreement of dates, salutations, clear passages and cipher boundaries with the edition. No full transcription of the symbols was made, no key was recovered and no percentage was measured. The method is existing decipherment: printed decipherments found and matched to the images. The letter-by-letter accuracy of the older decipherment has not been tested. The 1482 alphabet looks different from those of the 1486 letters.
Tomokiyo’s Cryptiana index has no article on Beatrice; his other publications were not searched. Archive photographs remain local because DECODE states that their publication requires archive permission.
Full texts
The transcription and the decryption of every document on this page, so that the reading can be used and checked. Short files are shown here; all are in the repository.
Pozsony, 31 May 1482
Beatrice of Aragon writes to her sister Eleonora, Duchess of Ferrara, during the War of Ferrara: for 100,000 ducats sent to Milan, King Matthias would raise 16,000 men (10,000 Swiss and 6,000 cavalry) in the Brescia and Verona districts against Venice, but will not declare himself openly before his relations with the league are settled. Decryption: uncorrected OCR of the printed decipherment in Magyar Diplomácziai Emlékek III (1877) no. 10.
Decryption
# MDE III (1877), no. 10, pp. 13-14; PDF pages 45-46. # MACHINE-EXTRACTED SOURCE TEXT; not a corrected diplomatic transcription. # Italics distinguishing cipher may be lost; consult source PDF. 10. 1482. Beatrix királyné Eleonora ferrarai herczegnét értesíti, hogy Mátyás király hajlandó tettleg az olasz ligához állani. Illustrissima Domina, Soror Colenclissima post debitam recomendationem. Piu difusamente da parte dj la Maesta del Re rnio consorte scrivo ala Maesta del Signor Re nostro patre sopra le infrascripte cose, per dubio ebe capitasseno niale queste lettere, siando lo camino periculoso et lassaro fare lunge parole et veniro a la eonclusione, inteso lo pericido in che siti lo Signor Re de Hungaria, non obstante lo grandé affare, ebe ha per stare in due guerra, 1' una contra lo Turcho, 1' altra contra 1' offensione, che lo Imperatore cum tuto lo imperio cercha farli, nientedemeno, ha determinato uno expe- pediente optimo et necesscirio per lo favore et salute de tutci la lega. Sua Maesta dapoi che comprese li preparaminti de Papa et de Yenetiani contra la liga et maximé contra vostro stato, mando ali Svizari, che sono suoi confederati, et li e venuta risposta cum alcuni Capitani de detti Svizari, et demuni et la cosa disposta, che volendo la liga solum fare spesa di Cento mila ducati, et mandarli a Milano et lo resto die la spesa fare el Signor Re di Hungaria. et che sia presto fara che per tuto lo mese de Ágosto serano sedece milia combatenti in Bre- sana et Veronese contra Venetiani. Dece milia Svizari et sei milia cavalli del Signor Re di Hungaria. Preterea sua Maesta tene in ordine per mandarvi 500 cavalli, dove sono cento usa- roni ; ma bisogna essere advisata, perche via ve li mandara: bisogna che ce mandate un vostro Commissario. Oltra quello il Signor Re de Hungaria manda Megrebal*) a fin Croatia a fara gente pur per vostro favore, ma ve dechiara, che non siando altramente considerato in vostra liga, non se vuole declarare apertamente inimico di Yenetiani: ma che li dicti Svizari fazano guerra come soldati de la liga, et voria volun- tieri, che fusse loro capo Don Federico, et quando sera intrato el Re di Hungaria in vostra liga intende apertamente monstrarsi inimico de Venetiani: et ultra questo ancliora se offera, che se la liga lo vuole aiutare solamento de cento mila altri ducati *) Magyar Balázs. === PDF PAGE 46 === vuole la Maesta Sua fare spesa dal canto suo di molto piu numero, et fara un altro exercito et dare adosso a Venetiani dal ricanto, che ogniuno stia che ne saria bene la maniera. Si che quando la liga vora a bon senno aiutarsi se trara bene 10 modo non solamente divertire Venetiani da sua ojf esa, ma de essi essere non ojf esi. Confortati lo Illustrissimo Signore Duca a fare sua dili- gencia et officio circa il soprascripto, et intratando constan- temente resistere, che como ho disopra dicto : Quando la lega vora fare la dicta spesa quello che volendo, li sera facile. 11 Signor Re di Hungaria ce ne voul mettere molto piu che altrotanto per fare che Venetiani se sentano danificati piu che non pensano de danifare altrui. Quanto di soprascrivo tuto, e per volunta et ordinatione del Serenissimo Signor Re mio consorte et vostro frate et cum pietoso et affecto aiuto et per mettere ad efficace executione. Pisonij ultimo Maij 1482. De V. Ill-ma Signoria devotissima et Obediente Sore la Regina de Hungaria. Illustrissime Domine Elyonore Ducisse Ferrarie etc. Domine et sorori Colendissime. A dőlt betűvel szedett szavak titkos jegyekkel irvák. (Modenái államltár.)
Reading
<!-- Reading of DECODE R1140 (Claude Opus 5.5, 23 Oct 2026): the decipherment printed in Magyar Diplomácziai Emlékek III (1877) no. 10, pp. 13-14, from readings/r1140_mde3_ocr.txt with the OCR's misread letters restored to the printed word (e.g. ebe = che, niale = male, eonclusione = conclusione, Yenetiani = Venetiani, ojf esa = offesa, 10 modo = lo modo, 11 Signor = Il Signor); a word whose printed form the OCR does not let me restore with certainty is [?word]. Spelling, word division and the print's punctuation otherwise kept. The print sets the ciphered words in italics ("A dőlt betűvel szedett szavak titkos jegyekkel irvák"); the OCR has lost the italics, so cipher and clear are not distinguished here. The Hungarian heading and the editor's footnote (Megrebal = Magyar Balázs) are left out. -->
# R1140, Beatrice of Aragon to Eleonora, Duchess of Ferrara, Pozsony, 31 May 1482
## Reading
Illustrissima Domina, Soror Colendissima, post debitam recomendationem. Piu difusamente da parte di la Maesta del Re mio
consorte scrivo ala Maesta del Signor Re nostro patre sopra le infrascripte cose, per dubio che capitasseno male queste
lettere, siando lo camino periculoso; et lassaro fare lunge parole et veniro a la conclusione. Inteso lo pericolo in che
siti, lo Signor Re de Hungaria, non obstante lo grande affare che ha per stare in due guerra, l'una contra lo Turcho,
l'altra contra l'offensione che lo Imperatore cum tuto lo imperio cercha farli, nientedemeno ha determinato uno
expediente optimo et necessario per lo favore et salute de tuta la lega. Sua Maesta, dapoi che comprese li preparamenti
de Papa et de Venetiani contra la liga et maxime contra vostro stato, mando ali Svizari, che sono suoi confederati, et li
e venuta risposta cum alcuni Capitani de detti Svizari, et [?] et la cosa disposta, che volendo la liga solum fare spesa
di Cento mila ducati, et mandarli a Milano, et lo resto de la spesa fare el Signor Re di Hungaria, et che sia presto,
fara che per tuto lo mese de Agosto serano sedece milia combatenti in Bresana et Veronese contra Venetiani: dece milia
Svizari et sei milia cavalli del Signor Re di Hungaria. Preterea Sua Maesta tene in ordine per mandarvi 500 cavalli, dove
sono cento usaroni; ma bisogna essere advisata per che via ve li mandara: bisogna che ce mandate un vostro Commissario.
Oltra quello il Signor Re de Hungaria manda Megrebal a fin Croatia a fara gente pur per vostro favore; ma ve dechiara che,
non siando altramente considerato in vostra liga, non se vuole declarare apertamente inimico di Venetiani, ma che li
dicti Svizari fazano guerra come soldati de la liga, et voria voluntieri che fusse loro capo Don Federico; et quando sera
intrato el Re di Hungaria in vostra liga, intende apertamente monstrarsi inimico de Venetiani. Et ultra questo anchora se
offera che, se la liga lo vuole aiutare solamente de cento mila altri ducati, vuole la Maesta Sua fare spesa dal canto suo
di molto piu numero, et fara un altro exercito et dare adosso a Venetiani dal ricanto, che ogniuno stia che ne saria bene
la maniera. Si che quando la liga vora a bon senno aiutarsi, se trara bene lo modo non solamente divertire Venetiani da sua
offesa, ma de essi essere non offesi.
Confortati lo Illustrissimo Signore Duca a fare sua diligencia et officio circa il soprascripto, et intratando
constantemente resistere; che como ho disopra dicto: quando la lega vora fare la dicta spesa, quello che volendo, li sera
facile. Il Signor Re di Hungaria ce ne voul mettere molto piu che altrotanto, per fare che Venetiani se sentano danificati
piu che non pensano de danifare altrui. Quanto di soprascrivo tuto e per volunta et ordinatione del Serenissimo Signor Re
mio consorte et vostro frate, et cum pietoso et affecto aiuto et per mettere ad efficace executione. Pisonij ultimo Maij
1482.
De V. Ill.ma Signoria devotissima et Obediente Sore la Regina de Hungaria.
Illustrissime Domine Elyonore Ducisse Ferrarie etc., Domine et sorori Colendissime.Translation
<!-- English translation of readings/R1140_reading.md (Claude Opus 5.5, 23 Oct 2026): the decipherment printed in MDE III (1877) no. 10, with the same holes. --> # R1140, Beatrice of Aragon to Eleonora, Duchess of Ferrara, Pozsony, 31 May 1482: English translation Most Illustrious Lady, most honoured Sister, after due recommendation. I am writing more fully on behalf of His Majesty the King my consort to His Majesty the Lord King our father about the matters below, for fear these letters might miscarry, the road being dangerous; and I shall leave long words aside and come to the conclusion. Having understood the danger you are in, the Lord King of Hungary, notwithstanding the great business he has in being at war on two sides, one against the Turk, the other against the attack that the Emperor with the whole Empire seeks to make on him, has nevertheless decided on an excellent and necessary expedient for the favour and safety of the whole league. His Majesty, after he understood the preparations of the Pope and of the Venetians against the league, and above all against your state, sent to the Swiss, who are his confederates, and an answer has come with some captains of the said Swiss, and [?] and the matter arranged, that if the league is willing only to spend a hundred thousand ducats and send them to Milan, and the Lord King of Hungary to bear the rest of the expense, and that it be soon, he will bring it about that by the end of the month of August there will be sixteen thousand fighting men in the territories of Brescia and Verona against the Venetians: ten thousand Swiss and six thousand horse of the Lord King of Hungary. Furthermore His Majesty holds 500 horse ready to send you, among them a hundred hussars; but he must be told by what route he is to send them to you: you must send us a commissary of yours. Besides that, the Lord King of Hungary is sending Megrebal [Magyar Balázs] to the Croatian border to raise men, likewise in your favour; but he declares to you that, not being otherwise considered in your league, he does not wish to declare himself openly an enemy of the Venetians, but that the said Swiss should make war as soldiers of the league, and he would gladly have Don Federico as their captain; and when the King of Hungary has entered your league, he intends to show himself openly an enemy of the Venetians. And beyond this he further offers that, if the league will help him with only a hundred thousand ducats more, His Majesty will spend on his side a much greater sum, and will raise another army and fall upon the Venetians from the other side, so that everyone would see that the way would be good. So that when the league is minded in earnest to help itself, it will find the right way not only to divert the Venetians from attacking it, but not to be attacked by them. Encourage the Most Illustrious Lord Duke to do his diligence and duty about the above, and meanwhile to resist steadfastly; for, as I said above, when the league is willing to make the said expense, whatever it wishes will be easy for it. The Lord King of Hungary is willing to put in much more than as much again, to make the Venetians feel more damaged than they think to damage others. All I write above is by the will and order of the Most Serene Lord King my consort and your brother, with compassionate and affectionate help, and to put it into effective execution. Pozsony, the last of May 1482. Your Most Illustrious Ladyship's most devoted and obedient sister, the Queen of Hungary. To the Most Illustrious Lady Eleonora, Duchess of Ferrara etc., Lady and most honoured sister.
Pozsony, 8 June 1482
Beatrice reports Matthias's displeasure at the league's unwillingness to spend, repeats the Swiss and cavalry offer, asks for money to be sent to Milan and calls for action rather than negotiations that keep 'returning to the beginning' like a ball game. Decryption: uncorrected OCR of MDE III (1877) no. 12.
Decryption
# MDE III (1877), no. 12, pp. 16-17; PDF pages 48-49. # MACHINE-EXTRACTED SOURCE TEXT; not a corrected diplomatic transcription. # Italics distinguishing cipher may be lost; consult source PDF. 12. 1482. Beatrix királyné a ferrarai liezczegnét Mátyás király- nak a Velenczések elleni olasz liga irányában viseltető hajla- mairól és szándékairól tudósítja. Illustrissima Doniina et soror mia colendissima. Inteso, quanto Vostra Signoria nie seriéi per la sua lettere de 14. del passato et con grandé dispiacere, il clie tucto ho facto intendere al Serenissimo Signor Re mio Consorte, il quale non ne ha havuto mancho dispiacere, pero in parte ne dona la colpa a tucta la liga: quale quando liavesse voluto spen- dere cum poca spesa havia havuto assai aiuto: et tale che non solamente havia tolto ma li liaria ridocti a carastia de defenderle et dice meritamente solere cosi intervenire ali avari che per sparagnare uno grosso perdeno lo ducato: lior siando le cose qui, et Sua Maesta trovandosse cum duj exer- citj: luno contra lo Turclio, laltro contra lo Imperatore et Tedeschi, ha pensato quello expediente, che per laltre lettere qui alligate serivo, quali e expedito et optimo. Resta che per la Liga se facia diligentia in mandare dinari a Milano: de che quando Sua Maesta sara certiíicata, per non perdere tempó, ordina de fare venire alcuni Capitani de Svizari cum uno Commissario di Sua Maesta a prendere lo pagamento per li X. m. pedoni, et sei millici cavalli, che fare o mandare mancho exercito non intende, a fine che ad ogni evento et contrasto li intervenisse sia sufficiente per se stesso, Sua Maesta e stata in expectatione de li oratori de la Serenissima Liga, che piu tempó e si e dicto, et de die in die piu coníimato che venenno, che e stata cagione de havere retenuto a non sparare messer Francesco Fontana. Quando la liga se vora vitare del Signor Re de Hungaria, et fare quello che ce con- veniente et la ragione cerclia, credamo Vostra Illustrissima Signoria: che solo sera bastante de salvare lo stato de la liga et castigare Venetiani. Ma bisogna che epsa liga se intenda altramente cum Sua Maesta et le conditione se reduchino a loro vero dovere, che si fara mestiero fare exercito de cento === PDF PAGE 49 === millia persone, siando soccorso diedinarj in 11011 troppo grandé summa lo fara presto, et de gente dela vita: Quando se inten- dera cum sua Maesta la liga a bon senno, Sua Maesta tro- vara bene modo de accordare le guerre, che tiene qua per intendere insieme cum la liga ala oppressione de Venetiani, ma che intenda andarci cum effecto et non cum pratiche, et cussi Sua Maesta ce mettera lo Regno et la Vita a risico per una volta per tucto togliere tali emidi, che altramente dice essere uno Jocare de holla cum retornare sempre ali principij. Ala Yostra Signoria sempre me recommando. Pisonij 8. Junij 1482. De Yostra Ill-ma Signoria obediente Sore la Regina de Hungaria etc. Illustrissime Domine Elyonore Ducisse Ferrarié etc. Domine et Sorori Colendissime. A dőlt betűkkel szedett sorok titkos jegyekkel irvák. (Modénai államltárban az eredeti.)
Reading
<!-- Reading of DECODE R1141 (Claude Opus 5.5, 23 Oct 2026): the decipherment printed in Magyar Diplomácziai Emlékek III (1877) no. 12, pp. 16-17, from readings/r1141_mde3_ocr.txt with the OCR's misread letters restored to the printed word (e.g. Doniina = Domina, nie seriéi = me scrive, clie = che, liavesse = havesse, Turclio = Turcho, serivo = scrivo, coníimato = confirmato, cerclia = cercha, diedinarj in 11011 = de dinarj in non, holla = balla?, Yostra = Vostra); a word whose printed form the OCR does not let me restore with certainty is [?word]. Spelling otherwise kept. The print sets the ciphered lines in italics ("A dőlt betűkkel szedett sorok titkos jegyekkel irvák"); the OCR has lost the italics, so cipher and clear are not distinguished here. The Hungarian heading is left out. -->
# R1141, Beatrice of Aragon to Eleonora, Duchess of Ferrara, Pozsony, 8 June 1482
## Reading
Illustrissima Domina et soror mia colendissima. Inteso quanto Vostra Signoria [?me] [?scrive] per la sua lettere de 14
del passato, et con grande dispiacere, il che tucto ho facto intendere al Serenissimo Signor Re mio Consorte, il quale non
ne ha havuto mancho dispiacere; pero in parte ne dona la colpa a tucta la liga, quale, quando havesse voluto spendere, cum
poca spesa havia havuto assai aiuto, et tale che non solamente havia tolto, ma li haria ridocti a carastia de defenderle;
et dice meritamente solere cosi intervenire ali avari, che per sparagnare uno grosso perdeno lo ducato. [?Hor] siando le
cose qui, et Sua Maesta trovandosse cum duj exercitj, l'uno contra lo Turcho, l'altro contra lo Imperatore et Tedeschi,
ha pensato quello expediente che per l'altre lettere qui alligate scrivo, quali e expedito et optimo. Resta che per la
Liga se facia diligentia in mandare dinari a Milano; de che quando Sua Maesta sara certificata, per non perdere tempo,
ordina de fare venire alcuni Capitani de Svizari cum uno Commissario di Sua Maesta a prendere lo pagamento per li X m.
pedoni et sei millia cavalli, che fare o mandare mancho exercito non intende, a fine che ad ogni evento et contrasto li
intervenisse sia sufficiente per se stesso. Sua Maesta e stata in expectatione de li oratori de la Serenissima Liga, che
piu tempo e si e dicto, et de die in die piu confirmato, che venenno, che e stata cagione de havere retenuto a non
[?spazare] messer Francesco Fontana. Quando la liga se vora [?aiutare] del Signor Re de Hungaria, et fare quello che ce
conveniente et la ragione cercha, credamo, Vostra Illustrissima Signoria, che solo sera bastante de salvare lo stato de la
liga et castigare Venetiani. Ma bisogna che epsa liga se intenda altramente cum Sua Maesta et le conditione se reduchino a
loro vero dovere; che, si fara mestiero fare exercito de cento millia persone, siando soccorso de dinarj in non troppo
grande summa, lo fara presto, et de gente de la vita. Quando se intendera cum Sua Maesta la liga a bon senno, Sua Maesta
trovara bene modo de accordare le guerre che tiene qua, per intendere insieme cum la liga ala oppressione de Venetiani;
ma che intenda andarci cum effecto et non cum pratiche, et cussi Sua Maesta ce mettera lo Regno et la Vita a risico per
una volta per tucto togliere tali [?emuli], che altramente dice essere uno jocare de [?balla] cum retornare sempre ali
principij. Ala Vostra Signoria sempre me recommando. Pisonij 8 Junij 1482.
De Vostra Ill.ma Signoria obediente Sore la Regina de Hungaria etc.
Illustrissime Domine Elyonore Ducisse Ferrarie etc., Domine et Sorori Colendissime.Translation
<!-- English translation of readings/R1141_reading.md (Claude Opus 5.5, 23 Oct 2026): the decipherment printed in MDE III (1877) no. 12, with the same holes. --> # R1141, Beatrice of Aragon to Eleonora, Duchess of Ferrara, Pozsony, 8 June 1482: English translation Most Illustrious Lady and my most honoured sister. I have understood what Your Ladyship [?writes] [?to] me in your letter of the 14th of last month, and with great displeasure; all of which I have made known to the Most Serene Lord King my consort, who has had no less displeasure at it; but in part he lays the blame on the whole league, which, had it been willing to spend, would have had plenty of help at small cost, and such that it would not only have taken [them], but would have reduced them to scarcity in defending themselves; and he rightly says that so it usually happens to misers, who to save a groat lose the ducat. [?Now], things standing thus, and His Majesty finding himself with two armies, one against the Turk, the other against the Emperor and the Germans, he has thought of the expedient that I write in the other letters enclosed here, which is prompt and excellent. It remains for the league to make diligence in sending money to Milan; and when His Majesty is assured of it, so as not to lose time, he will order some captains of the Swiss to come with a commissary of His Majesty to take the payment for the 10,000 foot and six thousand horse; for he does not intend to make or send a smaller army, so that whatever event or opposition may arise, it may be sufficient by itself. His Majesty has been waiting for the ambassadors of the Most Serene League, who it has been said for a long time, and confirmed more from day to day, were coming; which has been the reason for keeping Messer Francesco Fontana from being [?despatched]. When the league is willing to [?help] itself with the Lord King of Hungary, and do what is fitting and what reason requires, we believe, Your Most Illustrious Ladyship, that he alone will be enough to save the state of the league and to punish the Venetians. But that league must come to a different understanding with His Majesty, and the conditions be brought to their true duty; for if it should be necessary to make an army of a hundred thousand persons, being helped with money in no too great a sum, he will do it quickly, and with men of his life. When the league comes to an understanding with His Majesty in earnest, His Majesty will find a good way to settle the wars he has here, so as to join with the league in the oppression of the Venetians; but he means to go into it in deed and not with negotiations; and so His Majesty will put his kingdom and his life at risk, once and for all, to remove such [?rivals]; for otherwise, he says, it is a game of [?ball] that always returns to the beginning. I always commend myself to Your Ladyship. Pozsony, 8 June 1482. Your Most Illustrious Ladyship's obedient sister, the Queen of Hungary etc. To the Most Illustrious Lady Eleonora, Duchess of Ferrara etc., Lady and most honoured sister.
05 Sources
- Iván Nagy and Albert Nyáry, eds., Magyar Diplomácziai Emlékek Mátyás király korából, III (1877), nos. 10 and 12, pp. 13–14, 16–17.
- ASMo, Carteggio Principi Esteri, via the DECODE records linked above; photographs downloaded for private research.
- Satoshi Tomokiyo, Cryptiana index, checked 20 September 2026.
Research report, metadata and machine-extracted source passages: targets/beatrice1482/. The extracts are labeled as uncorrected OCR; they are not a diplomatic transcription.

